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1. Brownsey, Patrick J, and John C. Smith-Dodsworth. 1989. New Zealand Ferns and Allied Plants. David Bateman. pp. 168. ISBN 1 86953 003 9.
2. Holttum, R.E. 1966. Flora of Malaya, Volume II, Ferns of Malaya. 2nd edition. Government Printing Office, Singapore, pp. 653.
3. Grounds, Roger. 1974. Ferns. Pelham Books. pp. 264. ISBN 0 7207 0687 4.
4. Hoshizaki, Barbara Joe. 1975. Fern Growers Manual. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. pp. 256 + xiii, xi. ISBN 0 394 73774 1 (paperback edition, 1979).
5. Jones, David L. 1987. Encyclopedia of Ferns. Timber Press, Portland Oregon. pp. 433. ISBN 0 88192 054 1.
6. Jones, David L. and S.C. Clemescha. 1976. Australian Ferns and Fern Allies. A.H.and A.W. Reed. pp. 294. ISBN 0 589 07197 1.
7. Perl, Philip. 1977. Ferns. Time-Life Books Inc. pp. 159. LCC 7 83154.
8. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (M. Jackson, 9/3/1996), at http://www.rbgkew.org.uk   direct to the databases here
9. Johnson, A. 1977. The Ferns of Singapore Island; a Student's Guide. Singapore University Press. pp. xii + 126. No ISBN.
10. Missouri Botanic Gardens Tropical Database; W3 Tropicos at http://mobot.mobot.org/welcome.html   here
11. N.Z. Journal of Botany. Royal Society of New Zealand. http://www.rsnz.govt.nz/publ/abstracts.html   here
12. Fern Gazette 1996. 15 (3):91-100
13. Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen, London. 1810.
14. Davidse, G; M. Sousa S; & Knapp, S. (Eds.).  1995.   Lista Anotada, from Flora Mesoamericana 1: i - xxi, 1 - 470. (http://mobot.mobot.org/Pick/Search/index/mesoaN.html) here
15. Chinnery, Louis E. & George Rogers. Checklist of Barbadian ferns, based on sheets in the Barbados National Herbarium - BAR. See the latest list at Barbados. or contact Louis at just here.
16. Gordon McPherson, email and Chris Freeland, email.   Missouri Botanic Gardens Checklist of Lope-Okanda Reserve, Gabon, Africa. See this (being constantly updated) at here.
17. Andean Botanical Information System at http://www.sacha.org/ with many pages recording their ongoing work click here
18. Information from the following texts was available, and used as appropriate for the species and infraspecific taxa.
    • Anon. 1959. Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. 2 vols.
    • Anon. 1958. Icones Filicarum Sinicarum 1 - 5.
    • Abrams, L., 1923. Ferns to Birthworts, in Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States. pp. 1: 557.
    • Bailey, L. H. & E. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third---A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. pp. 1--1290.
    • Bishop, L. E. & A. R. Smith. 1992. Revision of the fern genus Enterosora (Grammitidaceae) in the New World; in Systematic Botany Vol. 17(3) pp. 345--362.
    • Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. in Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 45: pp. i--xl, 1--1286.
    • Breedlove, D. E., 1986. Flora de Chiapas, in Listados Florísticos de México, Vol. 4. pp. i--v, 1--246.
    • Cody, W. J. 1996. Flora of the Yukon Territory. NRC Research Press. pp. 643.
    • Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. pp. 1--1881.
    • Cowan, C. P. 1983. Flora de Tabasco, in Listados Florísticos de México, Vol. 1; pp. 1--123.
    • Crabbe, J. A., A. C. Jermy & J. T. Mickel. 1975. A new generic sequence for the pteridophyte herbarium. Fern Gazette, Vol. 11(2--3) pp. 141--162.
    • Cronquist, A., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & J. L. Reveal. 1972. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A.; in Intermountain Flora, Vol. 1, pp. 271.
    • Czerepanov, S. K. 1981. Sosudistye Rasteniia SSSR. pp. 509.
    • Davidse, G., M. Sousa S. & S. Knapp (editores generales). 1995. Psilotaceae a Salviniaceae, in Flora Mesoamericana, Vol. 1, pp. i--xxi, 1--470.
    • Dodson, C. H. & A. H. Gentry. 1978. Flora of the Río Palenque Science Center: Los Ríos Province, Ecuador, in Selbyana; 4(1--6) pp. i--xxx, 1--628.
    • Dodson, C. H., A. H. Gentry & F. M. Valverde. 1985. La Flora de Jauneche: Los Ríos, Ecuador; in: Flórulas de las Zonas de Vida del Ecuador, 1--512.
    • Fernald, M., 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany (ed. 8). pp. 1632.
    • Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds; 1993. Vascular Cryptogams through Gymnosperms - in: Flora of North America North of Mexico, Vol 2. pp. i--xxi, 1--372.
    • Foster, R. C. 1958. A catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Bolivia, in Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University; No. 184, pp. 1--223.
    • Gibbs Russell, G. E, W. G. Welman, E. Reitief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. van Wyk, and A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants, in Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa; 2 vols; pp. 1-152, 1-270.
    • Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist. 1968. The Pteridophytoa, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae, in The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, Vol. 1. pp. 1-482.
    • Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons, in Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest, Vol. 1, pp. 1-914.
    • Humbert, H. 1955. Une merveille de la nature à Madagascar. Première exploration botanique du Massif du Marojejy et de ses satellites. In: Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série B, Biologie Végétal. Vol. 6, pp. 1--272.
    • Ibarra-Manriquez, Guillermo & S. Sinaca Colin. 1995. Lista floristica comentada de la Estacion de Biologia Tropical "Los Tuxtlas", Veracruz, Mexico; in Revista de Biología Tropical. Vol. 43(1--3) pp. 75-- 115.
    • Ibisch, P. L. 1996. Neotropische Epiphytendiversitat - das Beispiel Bolivien. in: Archiv Naturwissenschaftlicher Dissertationen, Vol 1: pp. 1--357.
    • Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez (eds.) 1999. Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador; in Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Vol. 75; pp. i--viii, 1--1182.
    • Lawesson, J. E., H. Adsersen & P. Bentley. 1987. An updated and annotated check list of the vascular plants of the Galapagos Islands. in; Reports from the Botanical Institute, University of Aarhus, Vol. 16, pp. 1--74.
    • Lellinger, D. B., 1985. A Field Manual of the Ferns and Fern Allies of the United States and Canada. pp. 389.
    • Lellinger, D. B. 1989. The ferns and fern-allies of Costa Rica, Panama, and the Chocó (Part 1: Psilotaceae through Dicksoniaceae). in Pteridologia, Vol; 2A, pp. 1--364.
    • Li, Hui-lin, Tang-shui Liu, Tseng-chieng Huang, Tetsuo Koyama, and Charles E. DeVol, (Eds). 1979. Flora of Taiwan, Vol. 6; Vascular Plants. pp. 665.
    • Long, R. W. & O. Lakela. 1971. A Flora of Tropical Florida, pp. xii + 962.
    • Marticorena, C. & M. Quezada. 1985. Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. Gayana, Botánica Vol. 42, pp. 1--157.
    • Mickel, J. T. 1991. XXV. Elaphoglossum; in - Fieldiana: Botany, New Series Vol. 27, pp. 110--166.
    • Mickel, J. T. & J. M. Beitel. 1988. Pteridophyte Flora of Oaxaca, Mexico, in Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Vol. 46. pp. 1--568.
    • Molina R., A. 1975. Enumeración de las plantas de Honduras; in Ceiba, Vol. 19(1) pp. 1--118.
    • Moran, R. C. 1987. Monograph of the Neotropical fern genus Polybotrya (Dryopteridaceae) Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey; No. 34(1) pp. 1--138.
    • Morton, C. V. 1967. The genus Grammitis in Ecuador, in; Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium; 38(3), pp. 85--123.
    • Munz, P. A. 1974. A flora of southern California. pp. 1--1086.
    • Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck; 1959. A California Flora. pp. 1681.
    • Nakaike, T. 1975. Enumeratio Pteridophytarum Japonicum, Filicales. pp. 375.
    • Nelson, C. 1977. Plantas Nuevas para la Flora de Honduras; in Ceiba, Vol. 21(1) pp. 51--55.
    • Orstom. 1988. List of Vascular Plants of Gabon with Synonymy.
    • Parris, B. S. 1997. Themelium (T. Moore) Parris; in Kew Bulletin Vol. 52(3) pp. 737-738.
    • Parris, B. S. 1998. Chrysogrammitis Parris; in Kew Bulletin Vol. 53(4) page 909.
    • Porsild, A. E. & W. Cody. 1980. Vascular Plants of the Continental Northwest Territories, Canada. pp. 102.
    • Pérez-García, B. 1993. Familia Marattiaceae; in Flora de México, Vol. 6(1): pp. 1--12.
    • Pfeiffer-Berendsohn, B. 1989. Pteridophyta, in: Listado Basico de la Flora Salvadorensis, in Cuscatlania; No. 1, pp. 1--28.
    • Prado, J. & D. B. Lellinger. 1996. Observations on the nomenclature and taxonomy of Gleichenia nigropaleacea. American Fern Journal, Vol. 86(3) pp. 98--101.
    • Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell, 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. pp. i-xi, 1-- 1183.
    • Rojas-Alvarado, A. F. 1996. Aportes a la Flora Pteridophyta Neotropica 1. Notas sobre el género Niphidium (Polypodiaceae). in Brenesia Vols. 45--46, pp. 27-32.
    • Rojas-Alvarado, A. F. 1996. Aportes a la Flora Pteridophyta Costarricense. I. Informes. Brenesia; 45--46: pp. 1-6.
    • Rutenberg, C. 1880-1889. Reliquiae Rutenbergianae, in Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine zu Bremen. Vols; 7(1): 1-54; 7(2): 198-214; 7(3): 335-365; 9(4): 401-403; 10(3): 369-396.
    • Salvo, A. E. & L. Espana. 1987. Osmundaceae; in Flora del Paraguay; 1--10.
    • Scoggan, H. J., 1978 [1979] Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae; in The Flora of Canada, Vol. 2; pp. 93-545.
    • Shreve, F. & I. L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Stanford Univ. Press; Vols 1 & 2.
    • Small, J. K., 1938. Ferns of the Southeastern States. pp. 517.
    • Smith, A. R. 1981. Pteridophytes, in Flora of Chiapas, Vol. 2, pp. 1--370.
    • Smith, A. R. 1992. A review of the fern genus Micropolypodium (Grammitidaceae). in Novon Vol. 2(4) pp. 419--425.
    • Smith, A. R. 1993. Terpsichore, a new genus of Grammitidaceae (Pteridophyta). In: Novon Vol. 3(4), pp. 478--489.
    • Smith, A. R. 1995. New combinations in neotropical Grammitidaceae (Pteridophyta). in Novon Vol. 5(1) pp. 20--21.
    • Smith, A. R. & R. C. Moran. 1992. Melpomene, a new genus of Grammitidaceae (Pteridophyta); in Novon Vol. 2(4) pp. 426 -432.
    • Smith, A. R., R. C. Moran & L. E. Bishop. 1991. Lellingeria, a new genus of Grammitidaceae. American Fern Journal, Vol. 81(3), pp. 76--88.
    • Sodiro, L. 1893. Cryptogamae vasculares Quitenses. pp. 1--656.
    • Steyermark, J. et al. 1995. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana Project.
    • Stolze, R. G. 1976. Ferns and fern allies of Guatemala. Part I. Ophioglossaceae through Cyatheaceae, in Fieldiana, Botany, Vol. 39, pp. i-v, 1--130.
    • Stolze, R. G. 1981. Ferns and fern allies of Guatemala. Part II. Polypodiaceae, in Fieldiana: Botany, New Series 6, pp. 1--522.
    • Tardieu-Blot, M. L. 1952. Gleicheniacees; in Flore de Madagascar et des Comores, Vol. 7, pp. 1-- 7.
    • Tardieu-Blot, M. L. 1958. Adiantacees, in Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Vol. 5(5) pp. 113-- 168.
    • Tardieu-Blot, M. L. 1960. Grammitidacees, in Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. Vol. 5(13)pp. 71--92.
    • Tardieu-Blot, M. L. 1982. Espèce et combinaison nouvelles de fougères des Mascareignes. in; Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, séries 4, Section B, Adansonia.   Botanique Phytochimie Vol. 4, pp. 103--105.
    • Taylor, T.M.C, 1970. Pacific Northwest Ferns and Their Allies. University of Toronto Press. pp. i + 247. ISBN 0-8020-5227-4.
    • Tryon, R. M. 1964. The ferns of Peru, Polypodiaceae (Dennstaedtia to Oleandreae). Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University; No. 194. pp. 1--253.
    • Tryon, R. M. & R. G. Stolze. 1989. Pteridophyta of Peru---Part II: 13. Pteridaceae--15. Dennstaedtiaceae. Fieldiana: Botany, New Series - 22. pp. 1--128.
    • Tryon, R. M. & R. G. Stolze. 1993. Pteridophyta of Peru---Part V. 18. Aspleniaceae--21. Polypodiaceae. Fieldiana: Botany, New Series - 32. pp. 1--190.
    • Wiggins, I. L. & D. M. Porter. 1971. Flora of the Galápagos Islands. pp. 1--998.
    • Wunderlin, R. P., 1998. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. pp. 806.
    • Zarucchi, J. L., Funston, A. M., et alii. 2001+. Checklist of the Flora of China; in Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden.
19. Taylor, T.M.C, 1970. Pacific Northwest Ferns and Their Allies. University of Toronto Press. pp. i + 247. ISBN 0- 8020-5227-4.
20. GULF OF GUINEA CONSERVATION GROUP - GULF OF GUINEA ISLANDS' BIODIVERSITY NETWORK, website references in "Bibliografia relevante para o estudo dos pteridófitos de São Tomé e Príncipe" at http://www.ggcg.st/ferns4.html citations as at 28 August 2000, with links to all their fern pages at http://www.ggcg.st/ferns1.html:-
    1. ALSTON, A. H. G., 1944. Pteridophyta. In A. Exell, Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of S.Tomé (with Príncipe and Annobon), pp. 57-99. London.
       
    2. ALSTON, A. H. G., 1956. Pteridophyta. In A. Exell, Supplement to the Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of S.Tomé (with Príncipe and Annobon), pp. 7-9. London.
       
    3. ALSTON, A. H. G., 1958. Pteridophyta. In A. Exell & A. Rozeira, Aditamento à Flora das ilhas de São Tomé e Príncipe. Conferência Internacional dos Africanistas Ocidentais 3: pp.78- 81.
       
    4. ALSTON, A. H. G. (1959) Pteridophyta. In A. Exell, Additions to the Flora of S.Tomé and Príncipe. Bulletin de l’Institut Française d’Afrique Noire, série A, 21: pp. 440-448.
       
    5. ALSTON, A. H. G., 1959. The Ferns and Fern-allies of West Tropical Africa. London.
       
    6. BENL, G., 1978. The Pteridophyta of Fernando Po I. Acta Botanica Barcinonensia 31: pp. 1-31.
       
    7. BENL, G., 1980. The Pteridophyta of Fernando Po II. Acta Botanica Barcinonensia 32: 1-pp. 34.
       
    8. BENL, G., 1982. The Pteridophyta of Fernando Po III. Acta Botanica Barcinonensia 33: pp. 1-46.
       
    9. BENL, G., 1988. The Pteridophyta of Bioko (Fernando Po) IV. Acta Botanica Barcinonensia 38: pp. 1-69.
       
    10. BENL, G., 1991. The Pteridophyta of Bioko (Fernando Po) V. Acta Botanica Barcinonensia 40: pp.1-106.
        
    11. FIGUEIREDO, E., 1998. The Pteridophytes of São Tomé and Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Botany) 28 (1): pp. 41-66.
        
    12. TARDIEU-BLOT, M.-L., 1953. Les Pteridophytes de l’Afrique Intertropicale Française. Mémoires de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire 28.
        
    13. TARDIEU-BLOT, M.-L., 1964. Ptéridophytes. In A. Aubréville (ed.) Flore du Gabon 8. Paris: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle.
        
    14. TARDIEU-BLOT, M.-L., 1964. Ptéridophytes. In A. Aubréville (ed.) Flore du Cameroun 3. Paris: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle.
        
21. The Iwokrama Forest Research Centre, Guyana, South America. List of plant species identified by the Smithsonian Institute's "Biological Diversity of the Guianas" Program staff, as at 25 June 1999.
    
22. The Kaieteur Plant Checklist from Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: Biological Diversity of the Guianas - Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana; Kaieteur Falls Plant Checklist, August 2000, (compiled by Carol Kelloff, 1994; reviewed by D.B. Lellinger, 1997) at SNMNH
    

Distribution of ferns.

Information given in these pages on the distribution of ferns has come from the texts where I have access to them, information (if any) in the title where I have not, and from specific information in databases I have interrogated through the internet.

In the frequent case where several species are treated as synonyms and there are several names listed under the one preferred name, often some of the synonyms have associated information on the geographical distribution of plants to which that name has been applied. In such cases I have combined the location names of occurrence into one list.

Taxonomy.

I am in the process of learning a lot more detail about taxonomy.

It was my intention initially to avoid becoming too deeply involved in this process, but it has come clear to me that if these pages are to be of use to a wider audience, then I cannot duck the issue.

Because I have no access to the important specimens, have insufficient expertise, and too little time, I have to rely on the expert opinions of people who work in this field all the time; many bring a lifetime of careful, patient and conscientious work to the topic. I try to interpret the results of their work as accurately as I can, and am very grateful for their caring toil.

And I have just decided that this page is becoming too large, so to go to the separate page on taxonomy, Click here.

Names.

The first (botanic) name given to a plant is the basionym.   I have begun to underline these names where they are among the synonyms, as they often are. In such cases they are usually in another genus.